This F.A.Q. is intended to address the questions and concerns of the community surrounding Santa Cruz and the Buena Vista Landfill.

For years the Department of Public Works has been planning an Eco Park that will showcase the best waste management practices. At the center of the Eco Park is a facility to handle residual waste: that waste that remains after the best efforts to reduce, reuse and recycle.

The general term for the technologies that handle residual waste is “conversion technologies”. All conversion technologies remedy the various well-known problems of landfilling, not the least of which are odor, waste water runoff and leaching of all forms of toxins into the land water and air.

adaptiveARC is a conversion technology that uses arc-plasma to create a clean energy source from these residuals. It also creates an ash that has several commercial purposes. At the end of this conversion process all residuals are eliminated, thereby eliminating the need to landfill.

The Santa Cruz waste-to-clean-energy facility will operate in three phases.

1. Deployment of the first phase will include one reactor built by adaptiveARC, Inc., one gen-set, and a shredder. The reactor / gen-set pair will be deployed on existing landfill area to minimize impact on the environment and adjacent property. The reactor gen-set pair will operate for 6-12 months during which time the system will undergo several tests, including;
   • Emissions
   • Ash by-product composition
   • Power consumption/output
   • Different waste streams as fuel feedstock
   • General technology validation

   The reactor / gen-set will run intermittently for testing purposes and will not be under 24/7 operation. Santa Cruz County has the option of rejecting this phase at any point if certain milestones are not achieved.

2. Deployment of the second phase will commence upon successful tests, permits, and milestones being achieved in the first phase. The second phase will include the addition of two more reactors, one more gen-set and the infrastructure to support processing of 200 tons of waste per day. The infrastructure includes shredding equipment, conveyor systems, ash silo, waste storage facilities, and support structures. The second phase will operate on a 24/7 basis for 12 months with minimal downtime.Certain criteria objectives will be created to validate the overall technology worthiness. Following the 12 months of continuous operations the County may choose to accept or reject the technology. If the County chooses to accept the technology the facility will be handed over as a turn-key operation to the County of Santa Cruz. Santa Cruz may choose to operate the waste-processing side of the facility on their own or subcontract the operation of the facility to adaptiveARC, Inc. and it’s partners.
3. The final phase of the waste-to-clean-energy deployment will come upon completion of the “Eco-Park.” This will happen 4-6 years down the road, but will include moving the existing facility to it’s permanent “Eco-Park” home. The modular/portable nature of the design will insure minimal costs in moving the facility and insure minimum downtime. Santa Cruz may choose to upgrade the facility to processing 400 tons per day of waste. This will eliminate all existing waste produced by the County as well as future waste for at least 20 years. It will also allow the County to accept waste from surrounding areas that are suffering from shortage of landfill space.

More information regarding the deployment can be found here.

Emissions have been detailed from our Pilot Plant in Monterrey, Mexico. We have detailed emission estimates in the article titled “Estimated Air Emissions.”

The only pollutants would come from the diesel exhaust on the gen-set. The system is completely closed from the point the waste enters the intake column on the reactor. The exhaust of the generator can be cleaned before it enters the atmosphere to reduce and virtually eliminate any harmful emissions. There are several other technologies available that will reduce/eliminate generator emissions.

We have several pieces of intellectual property that differentiate us from other plasma technologies currently available. These pieces of IP will process the syngas into a very “clean” state that will virtually eliminate any possibility of harmful emissions once the gas has been combusted in the gen-set.

The syngas is circulated through the reactors plasma field several times. This insures proper gasification of any remaining particulate matter in the gas. It is also filtered by the ash inside the reactor. Once it has been determined to be clean, the syngas, is then piped to the gen-set. The gas is then combusted normally inside the gen-set.

The plasma reactor itself will require approximately 250kw of energy per reactor. The additional power required to operate the facility would be approximately 80kw for shredder, conveyor, and associated items. The reactor’s gen-sets will produce 2000-3000kw of energy per reactor, so the overall consumption of power will be approximately 10% of power produced. This will fluctuate slightly based on waste input streams and moisture content of incoming waste stream.

Further discussion of this topic can be found in the article titled, “How much power is required/generated with your facility?”

Further discussion of this topic can be found in the article titled, “How much power is required/generated with your facility?”

The emissions will vary slightly from those stated above. This is part of the data that will be collected during 6-12 month testing period prior to full-scale deployment. From a scientific/engineering perspective the emissions should not show dramatic variations from those already stated.

We have detailed emission estimates in the article titled “Estimated Air Emissions.”

The reactor itself operates at approximately 1300°C or 2400°F. This is much lower than competing technologies which vitrify the waste. We do not vitrify the waste stream or create the resulting slag (obsidian like material). We produce ash which is very alkaline in nature and has more commercial usage than slag.

The syngas exits the reaction chamber at approximately 1000°C and is immediately quenched and cooled to approximately 80°C. The gas is then piped to the gen-set. The gen-set operates at 800°-1000°C depending on the mix ratio of fuel to syngas.

We are using Caterpillar gen-sets that have been modified slightly to operate on dual fuel sources. The fuel would be mixed with syngas to produce electricity. We have several IC generator vendors that we have been working with including Caterpillar, Man, Hyundai, and GE. We feel that Caterpilar equipment would be the best in Santa Cruz. They offer fantastic support and very high quality equipment.

The main by-product of the reactor is syngas. We anticipate an 85-98% volume reduction of the incoming waste stream depending on the waste content. The remaining volume will come out the bottom of the reactor and will be primarily ash. The ash has a very high alkalinity, which makes it perfect as a construction aggregate or an agricultural additive. In Santa Cruz, the ash could be shipped by rail to a cement manufacturer. The railway already connects to the Buena Vista landfill.

It is important to understand that whatever goes into the reactor will come out of the reactor. This means that if metals have gone into the reaction process, they will also come out of the reactor. So any metals that were not sorted out of the waste initially will also come out the bottom. It is very easy to separate the metals out of the ash which will contribute to a higher percentage of metals recycling.

adaptiveARC, Inc. and adaptiveNRG, LLC. are the same. When we incorporated our legal counsel recommended we change the name so as not to conflict with existing corporations in the waste-to-energy industry.

Tests are not required on a daily basis. Having said that we have mechanical analyzers that will constantly monitor syngas quality and content internally within the reaction process. The gas must meet certain quality requirements before entering the gen-set. The gen-sets will also maintain constant emissions monitoring. We will be subject to periodic testing from the Monterey Air Quality Board and other government agencies.

The final permanent facility at Buena Vista landfill (phase 2) would include three reactors (one for redundancy) and two gen-sets (one for redundancy). A block diagram of what this might look like is below.

A process flow diagram is below.

adaptiveARC, Inc. builds facilities that will be net energy producers not consumers. We have optimized our reaction process, plasma torches and facility designs to process the maximum amount of waste and consume the minimum amount of power. We believe we have achieved this balance in the most efficient process on the market.

A quick breakdown of power consumption for the Santa Cruz permanent facility:

1. Plasma torches, reaction process, post process cleaning, etc. should draw approximately 200-250kw per reactor. We are initially deploying one reactor in the test phase and three reactors in the permanent phase (1 reactor will be on standby for redundancy). This will total 400-500kw.
2. Associated equipment including conveyer systems, shredders, and maintenance operations should consume another 60-80kw.
3. Total consumption 460-580kw.

Each reactor will generate enough syngas to produce 2-3 MW depending on the incoming waste stream. That equates to roughly 4000-6000kw of continuous power. We are aiming to achieve 85-90% efficiency, where as we are only consuming 10-15% of the power we produce.

This is a brief narrative of the overall process. Syngas is created through the gasification of the incoming waste stream. The incoming waste stream can be any mix of liquid and/or solid materials that essentially become the fuel for syngas creation. Acceptable waste streams include:

1. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) - such as the type that goes into your garbage can and is currently deposited into landfills.
2. Green Waste (GW) - this includes yard clippings, agricultural waste, and several other organic waste forms that wouldn’t normally go into a trash can.
3. Construction & Demolition (C&D) debris - from construction or demolition projects. Common C&D waste include concrete, roofing material, dry wall, pallets, etc.
4. Medical / Bio-hazardous waste - materials that are difficult to landfill since they are considered bio-hazardous.
5. Industrial Waste - hazardous even semi-toxic waste products created via industry, including sludge from refineries, pcb leakage from power generation, and other waste streams that are difficult to dispose of, due to their hazardous nature.
6. Tires
7. Sewage Sludge - is a very large concern for most municipalities. Recycling programs work for municipal waste, but sewage has no recycled value and few options other than landfills.
8. Most other forms of waste that are not radioactive in nature.

The waste is taken via conveyer or direct injection (in case of liquid waste) into the reactor. The long column at the top of the reactor is used to dry the waste. The wide chamber at the bottom is the actual reaction chamber. Waste enters the reactor thru the drying chamber into the plasma field.

The temperature is kept at a constant 1300C approximately 2400F. Oxygen in the reaction process is limited, which keeps the waste from burning.

This is an important differentiation between gasification of waste and incineration of waste. Most incinerators inject additional oxygen into the process to raise the burn temperature. Gasification limits oxygen to prevent burning.

Waste breaks apart molecularly into a gaseous form. The gas (syngas) is then processed and gets piped into the power generation system creating electricity.

The ash by-product is removed mechanically from the bottom of the reaction chamber and conveyed through a filtering and separating system that recovers any additional metals that were not gasified. The cleaned ash is suitable for agricultural or construction uses.

Air Emissions are a concern for any person reviewing arc-plasma gasification as an alternative to landfills. Emissions were tested on our pilot facility in Monterey, Mexico and below are the results.

Approximately, 200 other emissions have been tested at the Monterey, Mexico facility using US EPA testing methods and standards. In almost all cases emission amounts were so low as to be untraceable by EPA methods.

The conversion technology proposed to Santa Cruz County would be provided by adaptiveARC, Inc. of San Diego, California. The proposed “demonstration project” is still being discussed and no agreements have been reached. The technology development and deployment in Santa Cruz County will follow 3 stages.

1. The first stage of the technology deployment consists of a single reactor and gen-set used to validate the technology, energy output, waste volume reduction and emissions data. This stage we consider the “test” stage. The test reactor is currently being constructed at three fabrication and assembly facilities in Cupertino, Reno, and San Diego. Final assembly of the initial reactor should begin in September and be completed by October.The reactor can be delivered to Buena Vista Landfill by late October. The reactor will rest on existing landfill which eases permit requirements and saves adaptiveARC / Santa Cruz County from incurring any additional costs in providing space adjacent to the landfill.adaptiveARC anticipates a 3-6 month validation period were the reactor will run intermittently for fine tuning, testing, permitting, and general technology verification. This stage results in either technology acceptance or rejection from the County of Santa Cruz.

   If the technology does not live up to it’s claims, the project can be terminated with the removal of the technology. Removal of the technology can be accomplished in a matter of days.

2. The second stage begins after the technology has been validated. This stage begins with construction of the “permanent facility” in it’s “temporary location.” The construction of this stage will take approximately 8-12 months. This facility is modularized in design and will allow easy transportation of the facility to it’s eventual home in the Santa Cruz County “Eco-Park.”The permanent facility will reach it’s maximum processing capability of 200 tons per day of municipal, green, construction, demolition, medical, hazardous, etc. waste streams. The permanent facility will run a minimum of 6 months and a maximum of 12 months under the supervision of adaptiveARC and it’s partners. This is the validation of the overall technology and facility. Milestones will determine the success of the facility. Achievement of these milestones will validate the technology and give Santa Cruz the option of adopting the $15M facility at “no-cost”.The Industrial-2 facility designed, built, and operated by adaptiveARC will be provided to Santa Cruz County as a turn-key if they choose to adopt the project. They can operate or outsource facility operations to adaptiveARC and it’s partners. adaptiveARC will continue to receive revenues based on power generation and revenues from the ash by-products.
3. Commencement of the third phase starts after construction of the new Santa Cruz County Eco-Park facility. The Eco-Park will showcase environmental efforts that Santa Cruz has taken to educate, prevent, reduce, reuse, recycle, and finally create clean energy from it’s waste products. The permanent facility will be relocated to it’s permanent home in the Eco-Park.Santa Cruz will assume the costs of moving the facility to it’s new location which should be minimal due to the portable/modular nature of the facility. Santa Cruz may also choose to upgrade the facility to accommodate up to 400 tons per day of waste which would solve problems for Santa Cruz County but also adjacent areas that are suffering similar waste issues. It would add to County revenues, based on the lowered costs of operation and waste processing. The facility will be designed to run a minimum of 20 years given standard maintenance and best practices used in operating the machinery. Santa Cruz can opt to subcontract the operation of the facility in part or in full to adaptiveARC and it’s partners.

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